"Music is what feelings sound like" is a quote by Georgia Cates. Emotions can be felt when hearing certain songs and instruments. I researched this for a character that recognized people with mental music instead of visual cues.
Here is a list I came up with of emotions with corresponding instruments.
annoyance/anger/hatred - loud piano, drums, saxophones, bagpipes, cornet
blissful/spiritual - harp
calm/contentment/love - mellow piano
conflict - detuned cellos
dark/evil - trombone
energetic/high intensity - bugle, trumpet, brass instruments
excitement - plucked harpsichord
fear - drum, piano
fun/humor - rattling maracas
grief/melancholy - cello
happy/cheerful - ukulele, marimba, vibraphone
hope - tinkly chimes/bells
irritation - bassoon
joy - flute, violin, pipe organ
loneliness - french horn
love - viola
loyalty - brass instruments
power/strength - distorted electric guitar
rage/fury - pipe organ
relaxing/sweet - classical guitar
sadness - kazoo
sadness/melancholy - wailing oboe
security - deep tuba
sorrow - violin, flute
thrill/adventure - blues guitar
Of course, not everyone feels the same emotions from these instruments. Some instruments may evoke different emotions depending on what type of music is played. Feel free to let me know if you have any suggestions to add to this list.